1940-1945, the resistance in the dutch province of Limburg

• Resistance in Limburg

  The fallen resistance fighters in the dutch province of Limburg

  In the memorial chapel of the provincial resistance monument on the Cauberg in Valkenburg, on three walls are the names of fallen resistance fighters from Dutch Limburg. They are all names with a story, which of course cannot be told there due to lack of space. So that happens here. Anyone who can contribute is expressly requested to get in touch. See the contact page.
  Those resistance people, in this case almost only men (Why, in fact? See couriers, the group of resistance fighters, which increasingly consisted of women.), are mostly unforgotten, especially in the places where they lived. We find their stories on local websites, in some cases also on Wikipedia.
  A great help for those who search for Dutch war victims are specially the websites of the Oorlogsgravenstichting (war graves foundation) and www.tracesofwar.com.
  Much of the background information comes from the unsurpassed book by Fred Cammaert: Het Verborgen Front, Geschiedenis van de georganiseerde illegaliteit in de provincie Limburg tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.
  The complete book can be found on the website of the University of Groningen. (Only a summary is available in english.)

  Memorable events in Limburg

  | Vervolgd in Limburg (Prosecuted in Limburg) | The “Hannibalspiel” | Englandspiel | the miners’ strike | The Raid of Weert | The Strike of Wittem | The Raid on the Distribution Office in Valkenburg | The raid on the Maastricht prison on september 5th, 1944 | Between Maas and Peel | A military training camp for people in hiding | The Tears of Roermond | Revenge actions during the liberation

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  Vervolgd in Limburg (Prosecuted in Limburg)
  That is the title of the dissertation by the historian Herman van Rens.
  He states on p. 371 that two factors played an important role in saving an above-average number of Jews:

  1. A tightly cooperating group in which people knew each other very well, preferably from before the war, and
  2. the presence of inspiring people who took the lead.

  In summary: “A small group of moral leaders in Limburg showed the way of practical charity. Their positive example made it easy to follow them.”
  He notes, that point 2 played a decisive role in the numbers of saved Jews.

  The murder of the Sinti (Porajmos), who were present in Limburg before and during the war, went quite differently. They did not live in the midst of society like the Jews, which made it easier for the Nazis. The snare, even for the people themselves, was put on almost silently. First the so-called “work-shy elements“ were forbidden to travel, then they were obliged to go to central assembly camps, where they were to be “re-educated”. Many settled Limburgers may have thought at the time, “Well, it was about time!”. But most did not even notice. The Sinti at that time still lived almost all in caravans. These were confiscated. Thus, a large part of them disappeared from view. On 16 May 1944 a large-scale raid was carried out throughout the Netherlands, during which 578 people were arrested and taken to camp Westerbork. Finally, 244 of them were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 19, 1944. Only 31 of them survived the war.
  More in the Advies Gemeentelijk woonwagen-en standplaatsenbeleid of the “Vereniging Behoud Woonwagencultuur in Nederland” (association for the preservation of the caravan culture in the Netherlands). It discusses the persecution of the Sinti and the other Roma, but also of other people who led a “gypsy-like” life according to the National Socialists.
  See also what Roger Moreno Rathgeb said, the composer of the Requiem for Auschwitz, about “The Forgotten Holocaust” before he lit a candle during the memorial service “Valkenburg liberated 75 years ago”.

  
  Wikimedia

  The “Hannibalspiel”
  An important part of the resistance work, especially in the border province of Limburg, was already early in the war to set up escape lines for prisoners of war who fled from Germany, later also for fleeing Jews, shot down Allied aircrew (usually called pilots) and Dutchmen on their way to England. From Germany and the Netherlands one of these lines ran via Eijsden (NL) to Voeren (B) and Visé. From the Land of Herve and Liège, the refugees were taken to Givet on the French border or to Brussels, where other resistance groups took them over. The first were the French and Belgians who fled from captivity. This started as early as 1940. They often knocked on churches’ doors for help. In the course of 1941 a resistance group arose in the border town of Eijsden from the local brass band Sainte Cécile: the fruit grower Alphons Smeets with his entire family, the couple De Liedekerke, customer D. Sleeuwenhoek (who could freely cross the border and knew when patrols were running) and the brass band conductor Arthur Renkin from Liège. (Cammaert 75-94, 135, 239-240). Through Renkin, they established cross-border contacts with resistance fighters in the province of Liège from the organizations Luc /Marc and Clarence such as the doctor Jules Goffin from ’s-Gravenvoeren, Christiane Derenne-Lamazière, the monks father Hugues (Karel Jacobs) and father Étienne (Piet Muhren) from Val-Dieu Abbey and others. Also in the province of Liège, besides former soldiers, parish clergymen were often active. An important contact point was also the gendarmerie in St.-Martensvoeren where Theodoor Brentjens, born in Kessenich on January 12th, 1894, was commander. He then made sure that the former prisoners of war ended up in the Monnikenhof farm that belonged to Val-Dieu Abbey.
  Clarence was primarily an intelligence service. For example, they collected information about the railway traffic around the important junction of Visé. An important security principle especially of Clarence was, that per person only one activity should be developed: either intelligence, or the smuggling of those wanted by the Germans, or helping people to hide. In the case of the group Erkens this was not so strictly adhered to, which would promote their later downfall. Nic Erkens came into contact with this group through Pierre Dresen.
  They were infiltrated by the office Groningen of the German Marineabwehr (counterintelligence service of the German Navy), who set up the deadly “Hannibalspiel” for this purpose. No less than four infiltrators were deployed, who succeeded in penetrating deeper and deeper into the network due to the naivety of Erkens and especially Renkin. After their arrest Erkens in particular had to take the rap.
  On the Dutch side this meant the end of the Erkens group and in Belgium a major blow to the "Luc /Marc" and "Clarence" organizations. In total, the Germans arrested 86 persons from these groups between June 8, 1942 and March 19, 1943. 30 persons were released after a short imprisonment; 18 persons were released after trial; 22 persons were deported to German camps of whom eleven did not survive the war. Eleven persons were sentenced to death and shot on 9 October 1943 in Fort Rhijnauwen (Bunnik, near Utrecht). The fate of five detainees could not be determined (J. van Lieshout, "Het Hannibalspiel", Bussum 1980, pp. 319-324).The Hannibal game of the Marineabwehr (counterintelligence service of the German Navy) in Groningen set an end to the activities of the Erkens group. Those who were sentenced to death were executed at Fort Rhijnauwen (Bunnik, near Utrecht, Netherlands) on october 9th, 1943. (J. van Lieshout, “Het Hannibalspiel”, Bussum 1980, pag. 319-324).
  See: Jan van Lieshout, Het Hannibalspiel: Het sinistere spel tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog van de contraspionagedienst der Kriegsmarine, dat leidde tot de ondergang van een Nederlands-Belgische verzetsdrieëenheid, ISBN 10: 9026945744 ISBN 13: 9789026945748
  In his book Grenzeloos verzet. Over spionerende monniken, ontsnappingslijnen en het Hannibalspel (Boundless resistance. About spying monks, escape lines and the Hannibal game) Paul de Jongh describes in detail the escape line from the Netherlands to Belgium.
  More information also from Cammaert, chapter II, p. 79 ff.
  

  Englandspiel
  The Englandspiel or England game, by which dropped agents were intercepted by German intelligence, was much bigger than the Hannibal game. In Limburg, the Bongaerts network fell victim to it.
  For detailed information: Fred Cammaert, Chapter IV §III. De groep-Bongaerts verstrikt in het Englandspiel: de affaire Vastenhout
  See also Wikipedia NL

  The miners’ strikeDuring the war the mines were still in full operation and they were of great importance for the supply of electricity, but also for the railroads and thus for the Germans. As a result, many young men, who did not want to go to Germany to work, could stay here legally. But there were also many people in hiding working in the mines, with false papers, because they were not watched so closely.
  The miners’ strike was part of the strikes of April-May 1943. They were the transition to a more massive resistance movement throughout the Netherlands, including the province of Limburg. The strikes were brutally suppressed, but that is precisely why resistance organizations grew in number. For more on this topic see our story about Valkenburg. Click on the < back button under the flags left, to get back here again.

  The Raid of Weert The Raid of Weert, a.k.a. the Betrayal of Weert took place on June 21, 1944. The district leaders of the LO Limburg had convened a meeting in the Sint Louis boarding school in Weert, in order to find an answer to the new Second Distribution Card (T.D.) and the Z-cards. For this meeting they had invited the very competent document forger Bob Jesse (pseudonym: Vos), not knowing that he had been busted in the meantime. When his interrogator Wehner threatened to break the arms and legs of two Jewish toddlers, a boy and a girl of about four years old, in the presence of their mother, and even attempted to do so, he broke down and led the SiPo to the meeting. In total, eight men were arrested by the SiPo:

  • Brother Valentinus Merkx - Teacher and superior of St. Louis, who had nothing to do with anything, by the way. † march 1945 in Bergen-Belsen.
  • Jan Hendrikx (Venlo, province leader) † vermoedelijk begin 1945 tijdens een evacuatietransport van Sachsenhausen naar Bergen-Belsen
  • Guus Hermans (Weert) † september 2, 1944, Oranienburg/Sachsenhausen
  • Giel Berix (Heerlen) † march 13, 1945, Bergen-Belsen
  • Jac Naus (Venlo) † april 15, 1945, Bergen-Belsen
  • Jacques Knops (Gulpen) † march 17, 1945, Bergen-Belsen
  • W.H.M. Jansen (Vierlingsbeek) † february 25, 1945 Buchenwald.
  • Sef (J.F.H.) Mulders (Maastricht). He survived the war, but was succeeded by J. Sorée because Sef was in the concentration camp.

  Tom (Th.C.) van Helvoort (Roermond) Joe (F.J.K.) Russel (Venray) Jan (J.A.) Dijker (Nijmegen *) and Kees van Sambeek (Maas en Waal *) could escape.

  *) The districts of Vierlingsbeek, Nijmegen and Maas en Waal, although outside the province of Limburg, were part of the LO province of Limburg. More info on these districts

  During the month of July and the first half of August the detainees in Vught were interrogated continuously by Nitsch who was authorized to conduct so-called sharpened interrogations. After two weeks he received assistance from C. Schut, who revealed himself to be a devilish sadist without inhibitions, which even went too far for Nitsch. Repeatedly he had to restrain his helper. Especially Knops and the chaplains Naus and Berix were badly injured by the two. By bluffing and playing off the arrested persons against each other, by which he cleverly used previously acquired knowledge and contradictory statements, Nitsch found out a lot. Soon new arrests followed in Roermond, Helden and Wittem. (Cammaert VIb, page 567) (Cammaert VIb, pagina 567)
  Read more in Fred Cammaert – Het verborgen front (The Hidden Front) Chapter 6a, §VI, pp.  560 ff.: De overval van Weert

  The Strike of Wittem
  Father B.J. Baars, the head of the Wittem subdistrict of the LO, was the victim of an infiltration in the military hospital in his monastery by a German sergeant, a certain Lambertz from Aachen, who stated that he wanted to desert because he was such a good Christian. At first he was possibly even serious about it. This infiltration was followed, on July 21, 1944, by a wave of arrests that would soon be called the "Strike of Wittem": P. Horbach, H.J.D. Hamers, J.M.W. Bisschoff, Father Baars, J.H. van Houtem, Ortmans, the brothers E.A.H.M. and J.M.H. Merckelbach, the man in hiding G. Pirovano, the chaplains P.H.H. Houben and L.M.H. Penders and two uninvolved inhabitants of Vaals. The chaplains Wermeling and Franck as well as A. Noppeney escaped. J. Merckelbach and the two residents of Vaals were released after a few days. The others were transported from Maastricht to Vught on August 1 and five days later to Sachsenhausen, from where they were distributed among several camps. Only three of the ten prisoners survived the camps. The others died in Germany: H.J.D. Hamers (Oranienburg, 29-12-1944), J.M.W. Bisschoff (Buchenwald, 23-4-1945). B.J. Baars (Bergen-Belsen, 27-4-1945), J.H. van Houtem (Lübeck, 28-5-1945), L.M.H. Penders (Bergen-Belsen, 24-4-1945), P.H.H. Houben (Ludwigslust, 19-5-1945) and E.A.H.M. Merckelbach (Neuengamme, 15-1-1945).(Meer bij Cammaert VIb, pp. 697-699)
  A detailed description on the occasion of the unveiling of a commemorative plaque on July 21, 2015 near the Arnold Janssen Monastery between Wahlwiller and Mechelen.

  The Raid on the Distribution Office in Valkenburg By the growing number of divers, their needs could be met only if they also possessed a sufficient amount of ration cards and coupons. Mostly local government officials ensured this, like in Valkenburg. In June 1944, the relative self-sufficiency threatened to come to an abrupt end by the introduction of a new insert sheet. They feared a review at any moment and that they would not manage to correct the deficits in time, which would inevitably lead to their severe punishment. First, the local resistance group tried to have printed new counterfeit cards in Amsterdam, but a German raid in that print shop prevented this solution. Then they decided to attack the distribution office and to establish such a chaos that it would be impossible to control any cards. The K.P. (knokploeg = fighting team) from Heerlen, who would do the job, did not know that a consignment of allocation documents for two months had arrived the day before. The haul was colossal: over 210,000 Bonkaarten (ration cards), about 82,000 ration stamps, over 2500 ration cards, 5000 T.D. master cards, 1600 toeslagkaarten (supplement cards), numerous insert sheets and a typewriter. More than a dozen of jute bags were needed to transport everything. The bags were brought to a farm near Kunrade in Voerendaal.
  The complete story on this raid on this site

  The raid on the Maastricht prison on september 5th, 1944 – The liberation of 80 prisoners.
  Repeatedly, plans were made for a raid on the Maastricht prison, which was under Dutch management. The primary concern was not the living conditions, which continued to deteriorate throughout 1943. However, in helping to improve these living conditions, very useful contacts were made that could be used for the liberation of prisoners. Both the quality and quantity of food decreased, and the cells became more and more overcrowded. Especially in the attics, it was unbearably hot in the summer. The L.O. and its combat groups (KP) did everything in their power to do something about the food shortage. On the night of June 15, 1944, the combat group of Heerlen stole 1,000 kilos of butter from the Limburgia dairy in Reymerstok. A part of it was destined for the prison in Maastricht. To smuggle in food and the like, the assistance of the staff was required. Already at the beginning of the war, in 1941, the Maastricht underground movement was assisted by several prison officials, including the clerk M.J.H. Rademakers and the prison medic Hubert Jamin. Messages and even complete interrogation protocols were smuggled out by them. Threatened arrests could thus be avoided. In 1944, this developed into a nationwide intricated intelligence service.
  Plans for a liberation action began in late 1943, when a number of resisters from all parts of the province were arrested through infiltration by H. Vastenhout and others. However, one day before the action, those arrested were transferred to Amersfoort.
  In early 1944, new plans were made as a result of waves of arrests in Venlo and Maastricht. After a failed attempt caused by insufficient coordination (fortunately, because it was a trap), things went wrong again on April 8, 1944, as the prisoners had already been transferred to Amersfoort the day before. Among them was Frans Coehorst, district courier and secretary to “Ambrosius”, who thus knew a lot about the resistance.
  They did not let these setbacks get them down. In June 1944, the first attempt was made to free the prisoners with the help of guards and the prison manager. This failed because the manager Dilling did not dare. On Monday evening, September 4, the head of the unified battle groups of South Limburg, P.F. Driessen, and police inspector M. Krol went to Dilling to demand the release of all political prisoners still present. Dilling said that the most important political prisoners had been taken away in the meantime, but that he would come to the prison at 5 o’clock the next morning. The South Limburg KP and some Maastricht LO members would also be present.
  Since it was Dolle Dinsdag (Mad Tuesday), there was no resistance from the Nazis present. A group of about twelve people freed eighty prisoners. About half of them were acquainted with the city and sought their own way. About ten people were taken to a private house. Unforeseen problems arose with the remaining thirty. They were housed in a school building where homeless people were also staying. These were afraid of discovery and reprisals from the German side and demanded the withdrawal of the liberated prisoners. They then ended up in a patronage building in the neighborhood, from where they were dispersed onto several hiding places. (Source: Cammaert VIa, page 530 ff.)

  Between Maas and Peel

  
  
  Between Maas and Peel

  During the occupation, the villages on the west bank of the Meuse, such as Sevenum and Horst, were, from the point of view of the LO in Venlo, “outlets” par excellence for people who had to hide themselves, the so called “divers”. They were small, closed agricultural communities. Also larger villages like Venray and Horst were much smaller than today.
  Open Street Map

  On Sunday, October 8, 1944, so-called church raids took place throughout northern Limburg and parts of northern Brabant. 2805 men between the ages of 16 and 65 were arrested. The majority were put to work at the Hermann Göring-Werke. Most of them survived the war. This is not the case for 121 of those arrested.
  Read more about the background of that slave hunt at www.4en5mei.nl: Sevenum, sporen die bleven

  Tekst op het monument aan de Peelstraat, Kronenberg (Horst aan de Maas):

  In memory of the men and boys from Kronenberg, who were kidnapped by the Germans during the Church raid of October 8, 1944 and died in Germany. The reburial of some of them took place on September 4th, 1951.

  Martin Aerts, Jozef Baeten, Piet Billekens, Lodewijk Franssen, Hendrik Hoeijmakers, Piet Philipsen, Jan Philipsen, Peter Roodbeen, Jan Verstappen

  
  Broekhuizen & Broekhuizenvorst, Grubbenvorst, Haelen, Heel-Panheel, Helden, Heythuysen, Horst, Kessel, Maasbree, Nederweert, Roggel, Sevenum, Wessem

  A military training camp for people in hiding
  When in 1943 the great majority of the students did not want to sign the declaration of loyalty and when also because of this more and more young men wanted to go into hiding in the area between the Meuse and the Peel, some former soldiers from the OD in Venlo came up with the idea of training them to get soldiers. They had in mind a sort of partisan commando that would be able to hide well in this wooded area. The choice for one of these camps was the forest Bovensbos near Helden, see Open Street Map near the farm of Cornelis Krans.
  From Cammaert’s dissertation, Chapter VIII De Ordedienst, p. 883: The Diver’s Camps in Helden and Sevenum you can read a short summary here.

  Cornelis Krans provided five demountable chicken coops that had room for 40 to 50 recruits. The camp was given the name "Vrij Nederland." Because of the large number of people in the know, some of whom seemed to regard the camp rather as a sort of summer camp, rumors soon began to make the rounds. N.S.B. man H. Kessels also heard them and biked there on Thursday, July 15, 1943. Some farm workers showed him the way because he said he also wanted to go into hiding. He found what he was looking for and talked about it with his party comrades Kluytmans and Maessen. A day later he filed a complaint with the police. Constable Evers, a friend of the Resistance, promised to take care of it the next day and immediately sounded the alarm. It was decided to liquidate Kessels as soon as possible. This happened immediately: on the night of Friday, July 16, to Saturday, July 17, he was shot and his body was left there for unknown reasons. This made everything even worse. The SiPo (SicherheitsPolizei, security police) from Maastricht, led by Max Strobel/Ströbel, started an investigation and learned from Kluytmans about Kessel’s discovery.The chief of police in Helden-Panningen Alphons van der Mullen, informed the resistance that a large-scale raid was imminent. While waiting for reinforcements from the Ordnungspolizei, the SiPo people arrested the Krans couple and several other people, including the Jewish De Jong family of Nijmegen, who were in an underground hiding place near the farm. They and Cornelis Krans did not survive the war.
  Just over the Belgian border, a similar initiative emerged. Also there started by soldiers: Secret Army Zone II/Limburg. That didn’t go well either, as you can read there. In this densely populated part of Europe, resistance in small, relatively independently operating groups was much more effective and secure.

  There were also some camps for people in hiding in the Schadijk woods (Open Street Map) near Horst, but they were not designed as military training camps.

  
  Jan. 1945
  
  Memorial at the site of the executions

  The Tears of Roermond
  After the liberation of South Limburg and the area west of the Maas River and the failed Battle of Arnhem, the Maas River in Central and North Limburg remained the front line for the time being. In Roermond, when it had been front city for over a month - arrived in the night of 25 to 26 November the depleted 1st battalion of the parachute regiment Kampfgruppe Hübner. The commander Ulrich Matthaeas became city commander (Ortskommandant) and because the west side of the Maas was liberated territory, he also became front section commander (Frontabschnitts­kommandant). A grim atmosphere immediately developed in the city. He and one of his subordinates, F.W. Held, practiced true terror there in December. The soldiers knew, of course, that the war was unwinnable and that they were hated. There was nothing left of the friendly face that the occupiers had initially put on. Most of the police were less and less willing to cooperate with their terror. At the same time, the demand for forced laborers in Germany was increasing. Matthaeas and one of his subordinates, F.W. Held, exercised downright terror in December. The hunt for people in hiding was also intensified for another reason. The Major had had a panic fear of partisans since his stay in Russia. When the Allies would cross the Meuse River, he feared being attacked from behind. Therefore, he sought an opportunity to get rid of the entire male population of “recruitable” age. That opportunity presented itself around Christmas 1944. By betrayal a hiding place of eleven Roermonders came to light, who were hiding under the floor of a classroom at the Schoolpath. One young man, Jacobus Sevenich, managed to escape.
  The remaining ten and two other detainees had to appear before a hastily assembled drumhead court-martial. The verdict was decided in advance: death by bullet.Because it was not about their withdrawal from the labor service or other so-called offenses such as listening to the BBC. It was about terror as a means to get the men and boys out of Roermond and furthermore to make them slaves. On December 26 and 27, 1944, the 14 were shot in the Elmpterbos just across the German border near Roermond: Louis Claessens, Frans Denis, Josef Fuchs, Johannes Hanno, Lambertus Janssens, Willem Jongen, Thijs Oljans, Wicher Oljans, Hubertus Selder, Mathieu Sevenich, Jan Tobben, Louis Uphus (later reburied on the National Field of Honor in Loenen), Willem Winters and ‘Frans’, an escaped Polish prisoner of war.
  Cammaert writes in chapter 6b, on pages 621-622: “The twelve innocents were sentenced to death for ‘illegal activities’. That same day Matthaeas had them shot in the woods between Roermond and the German border village of Elmpt. The next day he had two more people, including a Pole, executed there. After the proclamation of the verdict and the order that all male inhabitants of Roermond and Maasniel aged between 16 and 60 had to register with the Ortskommandantur before December 30, 4:00 p.m. under penalty of death, a wave of horror swept through the city. As a result, about 2800 Roermonders showed up. On December 30 they were forced to march in the freezing cold to Dülken, where they had to spend the night standing in the cycling arena in the open air. The next day they were taken by train to Wuppertal for forced labor in the German war industry.
  
  On the old cemetery near the Kapel in ’t Zand, popularly called the Aje Kirkhaof, a memorial stone permanently commemorates this dark event known as ‘het verdriet van Roermond’, the tears of Roermond.
  Just across the border, near the site of the executions, citizens from Niederkrüchten erected the memorial stone pictured above (Mahnmal Lüsekamp).

  • Many more details in the article of Fred Cammaert (Dutch, use https://www.deepl.com/translator#de/en/): Oorlogsmisdadiger Ulrich Matthaeas en de falende naoorlogse Duitse justitie (War criminal Ulrich Matthaeas and the failing postwar German justice system)
  • Also extensive, with many photos, is a report on the exhumation of the victims and a description of the executioners Strobel (Ströbel) and Nitsch in the municipal archive of Well, archiefwell.nl: Massagraf op de Wellsche Heide, nu De Hamert
  • Article De Limburger, Nov. 21, 2019, 11:22 – Herdenkingssteen voor veertien gefusilleerden op Oude Kerkhof in Roermond
  • See also the article in de Rheinische Post van 27 december 2016 (p. C6): Erinnerung an die Toten vom Lüsekamp
  • The Dutch TV station NPS has broadcasted on 10 mei 2006 on Nederland 3 the film below by Louis van Gasteren. Worth seeing already because of the pictures, even if you don’t understand Dutch:
    Het verdriet van Roermond (YouTube)
  • Plaque on the facade of the St. Alphonsus School

  Lindenhof
  Other the people in hiding also became victims of this manhunt. See the story of the “divers” at the farm Lindenhof.

  Revenge actions during the liberation The intention of this website is to keep alive the memory on the history of the occupation in Limburg and especially in Valkenburg. Honor to whom honor is due, but not in the form of unreflective hero worship. For example, there were resistance fighters with anti-Semitic resentment, although they also helped Jews. But another story is that after the liberation, suddenly people who pretended to be in the resistance appeared everywhere and started to carry out disgusting acts of revenge "in the name of the resistance." How was this possible?
  The first Dutch city to be liberated was Maastricht. There was an organization of Dutch soldiers who had been demobilized by the Germans and called themselves Ordedienst. Their goal was to fill the power vacuum when the German troops would disappear and the Allies had not yet arrived. Their common motive was fear of a communist seizure of power. There were OD groups that also resisted during the occupation, such as the very active group around fire department commander Charles Bongaerts in Heerlen. But there were also those who explicitly did NOT want to resist and focused only on the days of liberation. Therefore, the OD as a whole cannot be considered as resistance.
  Bizarre was the situation in Maastricht. During the liberation there were two and at times even three competing OD groups (under the motto: We are the only real ones!). Since they all hoped to be accepted into the Dutch army, they started a massive and very uncritical recruitment policy. They did not notice that even criminals, who were only interested in weapons, also joined them. And although the veteran OD leadership had unequivocally called on the population and their own new members to refrain from revenge actions, that is exactly what happened immediately. What should have been an orderly arrest of collaborators got completely out of hand. Not only were retarded Nazis rounded up, but also girls and women who were suspected of having something going on with a German, or simply because they were German. Some had even worked for the resistance and used their German citizenship to hide people under the guise of being loyal party members. After liberation, some escaped camp imprisonment only with the help of Jews rescued by them or of genuine resistance fighters. See the dissertation by Barbara Henkes at the University of Amsterdam from 1995: Heimat in Holland: Duitse dienstmeisjes (German maids) 1920-1950. ed. Babylon-De Geus. on p. 198. But these vengeful people obviously did not understand anything. When we look at the many photos of the shaving of so-called Moffenhoeren (Jerry whores), we immediately notice the grinning faces of the bystanders. This had nothing to do with the fight for freedom and against discrimination during the occupation, even if sometimes real resistance fighters were involved. In Valkenburg, a real resistance fighter was rescued at the last minute, who had been very successful during the war in stealing ration cards and other documents for the many people in hiding in the distribution office, but always pretending to have brown sympathies.He was almost "executed" by a bunch of morons who pretended to be resistance fighters even though they were still half children. Two of his L.O. colleagues, Pierre Schunck and Jan van Westerhoven (Father Ferdinand sscc), managed to convince them that this would be a big mistake. Less fortunate was a true collaborator, 26-year-old landwacht member Funs Savelberg. The landwacht (land guard) was an auxiliary police force made up of Dutch Nazis. Someone claimed that Savelberg had been sentenced to death by an American court-martial. A US officer present said, “Kill him!” and one of these self-proclaimed OD people was now oh so proud to be among the victors after all. The real culprit for this murder is the one who spread the lie about the conviction. The officer present who did not check it out is also complicit. But the resistance was certainly not to blame in this case. The shooter was acquitted after the war because he had acted in good faith.
  For more on the background of this murder, see The Murder of the Land Guard and What were the L.O, K.P., O.D. and R.V.V. organizations? about the three organizations from which the BS (Domestic Forces) were to be built up. Both on this website, as you can see from the red color of the links. You can get back here with the back button, on the left, under the flags.

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Het verborgen front (The Hidden Front) History of the organised resistance against nazi occupation in the Dutch province Limburg during World War II. Plus excerpt in English. Since its publication, this doctoral thesis has been THE standard work when it is about the Limburg Resistance. Also on this site a lot of information is taken from it.

• Het verborgen front (The Hidden Front), Quotations from this book. Amongst them the chapter VIII.5.8. Valkenburg

Resistance in Valkenburg

Resistance in Valkenburg The whole story, through the eyes of contemporary witnesses..
Sources etc.

• Pierre Schunck: „One didn’t decide to join the resistance“
• Organised resistance in Valkenburg, interview NIOD
• Resistance and liberation
• The Dutch Resistance man “Paul Simons”
• Coen Grotaers - one among the many
• Vultures after World War II
• Roger Moreno Rathgeb, composer of the Requiem for Auschwitz, about The Forgotten Holocaust

External links

Links List Resistance WW2